![]() ![]() Other factors may also contribute to the difference of reinfection rates in the studies among general population: (1) diagnostic criteria. ![]() Some studies found that the incidence rate of repeat infection was below one percent 18, 19, while other studies showed a higher reinfection rate 20, 21. Little is known about the risk of repeat infection among previously infected individuals 14. Studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced immunity may last at least 5–6 months after infection 13, 14, while some small case studies have shown that repeat infections could occur even within 1–3 months after first infection 15, 16, 17. Then, an urgent public health question is how likely people are to be reinfected. Breakthrough infections were also reported among vaccinated individuals and reinfections were increasing common 10, 11, 12. SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates may vary by geographic region, but population infection rates have been continuously increasing globally 6, 7, 8, 9. However, there is significant disparity in access to the vaccine by nation, such as 75% in European Union countries and 17% in African countries 5. Since the first COVID-19 vaccine was available in December 2020, over 60% of the world population has received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine by middle February of 2022. ![]() Individuals can obtain immunity through infection or vaccination 4. The pandemic may lose its increasing momentum only after a high proportion of population become immune to the virus or develop herd immunity. The rapid spread of this disease is mainly due to the high efficiency of respiratory transmission and universal susceptibility to the virus in the general population 2, 3. Since the first case of COVID-19 was reported in the early December 2019 1, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, has infected 420 million people and has been associated with over 5 million deaths worldwide. Continuing reviews are needed as the reinfection risk may change due to the rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Our meta-analysis of studies conducted prior to the emergency of the more transmissible Omicron variant showed that people with a prior SARS-CoV-2 infection could be re-infected, and they have a lower risk of infection than those without prior infection. The incidence of reinfection was lower than the incidence of new infection (HR = 0.12, 95% confidence interval 0.09–0.17). The pooled SARS-CoV-2 reinfection incidence rate was 0.70 (standard deviation 0.33) per 10,000 person-days. Of 906 records retrieved and reviewed, 11 studies and 11 case reports were included in the meta-analysis and the systematic review, respectively. The hazard ratio (HR) between reinfection incidence among previously infected individuals and new infection incidence among infection-naïve individuals was calculated using random-effects models. The reinfection incidence was pooled by zero-inflated beta distribution. We conducted: (1) meta-analysis of cohort studies containing data sufficient for calculating the incidence rate of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection (2) systematic review of case reports with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 reinfection cases. We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science as of April 5, 2021. ![]() This meta-analysis aims to synthesize global evidence on the risk of reinfection among people previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. ![]()
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